Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by the inability to absorb glucose from food and necessary for nutrition, breathing and energy metabolism of cells. In this case, production or interaction with the pancreas hormone - insulin is affected. It is necessary to regulate the quantitative presence of glucose in the bloodstream. With the inadequate operation of a couple of glucose -sensulin, hyperglycemia is a persistent increase in glucose. The metabolism suffers, the work of the kidneys, the heart, the blood vessels and the central nerve systems are altered.
Types of diabetes
Two main diabetes varieties are distinguished, which, although they belong to a group of endocrine diseases, still have differences.
First type of diabetes (insulin dependent, youth, inzsd i type)
It is characterized by the fact that, for any reason, the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells (more than 80%), producing insulin. There is no hormone, but glucose is delivered to the body with food constantly. Blood sugar is disconnected from the scale. First type diabetes is more frequently detected in childhood or adolescence. But for adults it is not uncommon.
Second type diabetes (insulin dependent, II II)
Type II diabetes is more frequently diagnosed in people after 30-40 years. But the disease is becoming younger. In 90 % of cases in patients, excess weight is observed. The body can still produce insulin, but the sensitivity of insulin cells is reduced (this is called insulin resistance). A vicious circle arises. The cells do not feel insulin, the body produces even more insulin to feed; cage. Glucose simply accumulates in the blood, and insulin increases appetite. A person eats, jumps sugar, insulin resistance intensifies.
Predial
Here, the glucose level goes beyond reference values, but you can't even talk about diabetes. Prediabet can become the basis for the development of type II diabetes, as well as cardiovascular system diseases.
Gestational diabetes is characteristic during pregnancy. It is most frequently found in quarter II or III.
In addition, the course of the disease differs in gravity: light (i), medium (II) and heavy (iii).
Diabetes. Symptoms
If you do not have the habit of donating blood for glucose once a year, and does not know the endocrinologist of the clinic in person, there are a number of symptoms that can tell you that it is time to contact a specialist. But we will immediately reserve, diabetes signs manifest if insulin deficiency is already moving to a critical point. Therefore, at this time, the most effective way to discover your sugar level is to donate blood.
First type diabetes
First type diabetes symptoms:
- constant and insatiable thirst;
- dry mouth;
- frequent urine;
- apathy and fatigue;
- insatiable hunger;
- Weight loss (an average of 3-5 kg), not related to any action of a person;
- Vision problems (vagueness of the image, as if everything was in the fog).
Second type diabetes
The symptoms of diabetes of the second type are similar to type I diabetes in some parameters: it is thirst, hunger, dry mouth, fatigue, vision problems and frequent impulse to the toilet. But this guy has its own signs:
- numbness and tingling in arms and legs;
- Slow healing of wounds and recurrent infections.
The causes of diabetes
Unfortunately, scientists cannot name the exact causes of the development of diabetes in humans (especially the first type). Poor ecology, the abundance of viral infections and the inadequate operation of the immune system are taken as a basis. Among the causes of the development of diabetes mellitus are generally distinguished:
- Hereditary predisposition. In addition, the risk reaches 10%if the father is sick with diabetes of the first type and 2, 5%if the mother. If both parents are diagnosed with type II diabetes, then the child has the risk of this disease after 40 years of increases to 65-70%;
- unbalanced diet with abundance of carbohydrates;
- Excess weight (90% of people with Inzsd type II have it);
- lack of physical activity;
- stress continuously;
- Prediabet;
- prolonged use of certain medications (diuretic, hormonal, salicylates, cytostatic, etc. );
- Ethnicity (in children of the European race, the risk of developing diabetes of the first highest type);
- History of gestational diabetes;
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.
Complications
This disease is insidious, and if you do not observe the doctor's instructions, complications of diabetes (chronic and acute) may appear, which endangers the work of the entire organism. Chronic complications are observed when a high sugar level lasts a long time.
The following chronic complications can be distinguished:
- The fragility of blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy) leads to a decrease in visual acuity, early development of cataracts or causes blindness.
- With diabetes, periodontitis often occurs, which leads to the loss of teeth or heart problems. In addition, a variety of infectious diseases of oral cavity are possible. It is necessary to observe hygiene and regularly visit the dentist.
- Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of disability and mortality among diabetics. Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke and others. The lack of observation of cholesterol and glucose levels, the increase in blood pressure contributes to the development of these complications.
- Nephropathy, or destruction of blood vessels in the kidney, leads to the failure of the functioning or rejection of the kidneys. Hell control is required.
- Neuropathy (nerve damage). Most of the time, the risk of neuropathy is exposed to the legs. The walls of the vessels and nerve fibers are destroyed, the flow of blood to the legs worsens. The signs of neuropathy development are tingling, pain, chicken skin or loss of sensitivity. Patients, especially the elderly, generally do not attach the meaning to this, which is full of the development of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputation. Neuropathy can affect other body systems (erectile dysfunction, problems with gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system).
- Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis, since the vessels become fragile, fragile and increase the risk of a thrombus.
- There is often joint pain, since diabetes leads to a decrease in the amount of synovial fluid.
- In addition, there is a high frequency of development of mental disorders.
Acute complications, which develop rapidly, are usually interconnected with fluctuations in blood glucose. Low (hypoglycemia) and high (hyperglycemia) lead to crisis. The hypoglycemia crisis (3, 9 mmol/l or minor) is manifested as a seizure, and hyperglycemic crises are dangerous for the appearance of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperglycemic state. These are emergency and threatening conditions, which lead to seizures, coma and fatal results.
Diabetes diagnosis
The diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In an ideal situation, a person must be aware of their glucose level, especially after 45 years. But if it is at risk, the analysis must be carried out more frequently and should do so before, so as not to miss the precious time.
Diabetes is diagnosed in several ways:
- Analysis for glycosque hemoglobin. The analysis results demonstrate the average blood glucose level in the last 2-3 months. So that it can track the dynamics;
- Blood plasma glucose analysis (capillary or venous) with an empty stomach. The audit demonstrates the glucose position at this time;
- The gluczotolerant test is prescribed in doubtful cases. The test lasts a long time and includes a measurement of glucose levels before and after drinking a glass of water with dissolved glucose in it;
- Urine analysis for the presence of glucose and/or acetone. A healthy person is not characterized by the presence of these elements in the urine.
Treatment
When treating type I diabetes mellitus, the main treatment for insulin is the main treatment for insulin, which must be administered every day in a prescribed dose and calculated by the treating doctor. You can use special insulin syringes, syringes-manualities or insulin pumps, independently calculating the necessary dose of the archived hormone. Under certain conditions, it is possible to prescribe medications for diabetes that stimulate the body to develop its own insulin.
In diabetes of the first species, the insulin of the chip every day, since the passes are loaded with the development of diabetic ketoacidosis, which leads to death. Daily insulin + adequate nutrition + physical activity can provide life without complications.
With type II diabetes, a doctor prescribes a pharmacological treatment designed to reduce sugar levels and normalize the condition of a person. Sometimes it may be necessary for insulin replacement therapy, but it is not necessary to receive daily. Diet in diabetes is observed without fail, as well as an increase in physical activity, body weight control.
In the presence of diabetes, the exam must be carried out once every six months or a year. It is also necessary to get rid of excess weight and change to dietary nutrition.
With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor the blood glucose level and follow the recommendations of the observer doctor. Most of the time after childbirth, blood sugar returns to normal. But there is a risk of developing diabetes of the second type.
Forecast and prevention
Diabetes mellitus is a serious endocrine disease that reduces life in 5-10 years, and men die more frequently than women. Infectious and viral diseases are more severely tolerated. Complications in the context of pneumonia, influenza occurs 6 times more often, compared to the statistics of people without diabetes in a story. In healthy people, compared to diabetics, Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia develop less frequently.
But with diabetes you can and you must fight. The competent management helps them avoid many problems and complications. Then, 50-60% of the cases of the disease stabilize and do not progress.
The adequate control and prevention of diabetes is:
- regular glucose control;
- special diabetes diet;
- practice sports in moderate mode;
- observation of blood pressure and cholesterol;
- Regular visit to the necessary specialists and submit to surveys;
- Taking medications prescribed by a doctor.
Diabetes is not completely studied, but medications and a conscious attitude towards their life with this ailment help live for a long time and without complications.